生物脱硫技术借助微生物的代谢作用，将含硫化合物转化为无害或易处理的物质，相比传统化学脱硫，具有能耗低、二次污染少、适用范围广等特点，广泛应用于午夜免费看视频净化、工业尾气处理、 wastewater 治理等领域，是实现硫化物资源化与无害化的重要绿色技术路径。

　　Biological desulfurization technology utilizes the metabolic process of microorganisms to convert sulfur-containing compounds into harmless or easily treatable substances. Compared with traditional chemical desulfurization, it has the characteristics of low energy consumption, less secondary pollution, and wide applicability. It is widely used in fields such as biogas purification, industrial exhaust gas treatment, and wastewater treatment, and is an important green technology path to achieve sulfide resource utilization and harmless treatment.

　　生物脱硫的核心原理是微生物的氧化还原反应，不同菌种分工完成硫的转化。硫氧化细菌是主要功能菌群，在有氧或厌氧条件下，通过呼吸作用将硫化物作为能量来源：在好氧环境中，硫化氢被氧化为单质硫或硫酸根；在厌氧环境中，某些细菌可利用硝酸盐作为电子受体，将硫化物氧化为硫单质，同时将硝酸盐还原为氮气，同步实现脱氮脱硫。微生物的代谢活性受环境影响显著，最适温度为 25-35℃，pH 值需维持在 6.5-8.0，溶解氧浓度根据菌种类型控制。

　　The core principle of biological desulfurization is the oxidation-reduction reaction of microorganisms, and different bacterial strains divide the labor to complete the conversion of sulfur. Sulfur oxidizing bacteria are the main functional microbial community that use sulfides as an energy source through respiration under aerobic or anaerobic conditions. In aerobic environments, hydrogen sulfide is oxidized to elemental sulfur or sulfate ions; In anaerobic environments, certain bacteria can use nitrate as an electron acceptor to oxidize sulfides into elemental sulfur, while reducing nitrate to nitrogen gas, achieving simultaneous denitrification and desulfurization. The metabolic activity of microorganisms is significantly affected by the environment, with an optimal temperature of 25-35 ℃ and a pH value of 6.5-8.0. The dissolved oxygen concentration is controlled according to the type of bacterial strain.

　　预处理系统为微生物反应创造适宜条件，是工艺稳定运行的基础。含硫气体或液体进入脱硫系统前，需先去除杂质：气体中若含粉尘，需经旋风分离器或滤袋过滤，防止堵塞生物膜载体；液体中若含重金属，需通过沉淀或吸附去除。对高浓度含硫气体，需进行稀释至 5% 以下，避免浓度过高对微生物产生毒性。温度调节也至关重要，低温原料需预热，高温原料需冷却，确保反应体系温度稳定。

　　The pre-treatment system creates suitable conditions for microbial reactions and is the foundation for stable operation of the process. Before entering the desulfurization system, sulfur-containing gases or liquids need to remove impurities: if the gas contains dust, it needs to be filtered through a cyclone separator or filter bag to prevent clogging of the biofilm carrier; If heavy metals are present in the liquid, they need to be removed through precipitation or adsorption. For high concentration sulfur-containing gases, it is necessary to dilute them to below 5% to avoid toxicity to microorganisms caused by excessive concentration. Temperature regulation is also crucial. Low temperature raw materials need to be preheated, while high-temperature raw materials need to be cooled to ensure the temperature stability of the reaction system.

　　核心反应装置是微生物发挥作用的场所，其结构设计直接影响脱硫效率。生物滤池是最常用的反应器类型，内部填充多孔载体，微生物在载体表面形成生物膜，含硫气体从底部进入，与生物膜充分接触，硫化氢去除率可达 95% 以上。生物滴滤池则通过循环喷淋液保持载体湿润，适用于处理负荷波动大的场景。厌氧生物反应器多用于液体脱硫，通过厌氧菌群将有机硫转化为硫化氢，再进一步氧化为单质硫，有机硫去除率≥90%，尤其适合高浓度有机硫废水处理。

　　The core reaction device is the place where microorganisms exert their effects, and its structural design directly affects the desulfurization efficiency. Biofilters are the most commonly used type of reactor, filled with porous carriers. Microorganisms form biofilms on the surface of the carriers, and sulfur-containing gases enter from the bottom and fully contact with the biofilms. The removal rate of hydrogen sulfide can reach over 95%. The biological drip filter uses circulating spray to keep the carrier moist, making it suitable for handling scenarioses with large load fluctuations. Anaerobic bioreactors are commonly used for liquid desulfurization, converting organic sulfur into hydrogen sulfide through anaerobic bacterial communities, and further oxidizing it to elemental sulfur. The organic sulfur removal rate is ≥ 90%, making it particularly suitable for the treatment of high concentration organic sulfur wastewater.

　　产物分离与回收实现硫资源的循环利用，提升工艺经济性。反应生成的单质硫以颗粒形式存在，通过沉淀、过滤或离心分离从反应体系中提取，纯度可达 90% 以上，可作为化工原料。若产物为硫酸盐，需通过结晶或生物还原进行处理，避免直接排放导致水体富营养化。气体产物经脱硫后，净化气中硫化氢浓度可降至 10ppm 以下，满足燃烧或排放要求。

　　The separation and recovery of products achieve the recycling of sulfur resources and improve the economic efficiency of the process. The elemental sulfur generated by the reaction exists in particle form and is extracted from the reaction system through precipitation, filtration, or centrifugal separation. The purity can reach over 90% and it can be used as a chemical raw material. If the product is sulfate, it needs to be treated through crystallization or bioreduction to avoid direct discharge and eutrophication of the water body. After desulfurization, the concentration of hydrogen sulfide in the purified gas can be reduced to below 10ppm, meeting the requirements for combustion or emissions.

　　工艺控制与优化需兼顾微生物活性与处理效率。通过在线监测系统实时采集反应温度、pH 值、溶解氧、硫化氢浓度等参数，当 pH 值低于 6.5 时，自动添加碱性物质调节；溶解氧不足时，增大曝气强度；脱硫效率下降 10% 以上时，检查菌群活性，必要时补充菌种。营养盐需定期补充，避免因氮、磷缺乏导致菌群生长受限。对于间歇运行的系统，重启前需先通入低浓度含硫气体，逐步激活微生物，再恢复正常负荷。

　　Process control and optimization need to balance microbial activity and treatment efficiency. Real time collection of reaction temperature, pH value, dissolved oxygen, hydrogen sulfide concentration and other parameters through an online monitoring system. When the pH value is below 6.5, alkaline substances are automatically added for adjustment; When the dissolved oxygen is insufficient, increase the aeration intensity; When the desulfurization efficiency decreases by more than 10%, check the activity of the microbial community and supplement the bacterial strains if necessary. Nutrients need to be regularly supplemented to avoid limiting bacterial growth due to nitrogen and phosphorus deficiency. For systems that operate intermittently, low concentration sulfur-containing gas should be introduced before restarting to gradually activate microorganisms and then restore normal load.

　　生物脱硫技术的优势在低浓度、复杂成分的硫处理中尤为突出，但其反应速率低于化学法，因此更适合中低负荷场景。未来通过基因工程改造高效菌种、开发新型反应器、结合人工智能优化运行参数，生物脱硫将在处理效率、成本控制、资源回收等方面实现突破，进一步扩大其在环保与能源领域的应用范围。

　　The advantages of biological desulfurization technology are particularly prominent in the treatment of low concentration and complex sulfur components, but its reaction rate is lower than that of chemical methods, making it more suitable for medium and low load scenarioses. In the future, through genetic engineering to modify efficient bacterial strains, develop new reactors, and optimize operating parameters with artificial intelligence, biological desulfurization will achieve breakthroughs in treatment efficiency, cost control, resource recovery, and further expand its application scope in the fields of environmental protection and energy.

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